Obtain a sample of aluminum from your instructor.Using the electronic balance, obtain the mass of a clean, dry small beaker.Part B: The Density of Aluminum and the Thickness of Foil Finally, look up the true density of water at the temperature used, and evaluate the accuracy of your average density value by calculating your percent error. Then take the average of these three density values. Use the three sets of mass and volume measurements to calculate three density values for water. Analysis: Subtract the mass of the empty cylinder from each combined mass measurement to obtain three mass measurements of water.Use your thermometer to record the temperature of the water in your graduated cylinder.Repeat Step 3 to obtain a third set of mass and volume measurements.Again, precisely measure this volume of water, and then measure the combined mass using the electronic balance. Add another 20-25 mL of distilled water to the graduated cylinder.Then measure the combined mass using the electronic balance. Add 20-25 mL of distilled water to the graduated cylinder.Using the electronic balance, obtain the mass of your 100-mL graduated cylinder.Once the density is determined in this manner, it will be used to identify the unknown material analyzed. One of the benefits of digital density meters using the U-shaped glass tube is the small volume of sample required (typically 1.5 mL), which allows for a faster temperature equilibrium of the sample.\] These density meters can often be upgraded into a dedicated automated multi-parameter system combining density, refractive index, pH, color, conductivity, and more to save time, increase data quality, and prevent any alteration of samples between individual analyses. Some benchtop digital density meters can be connected to sample automation solutions for single or multiple samples, which offer automated sampling, rinsing, and drying. These density meters can reach an accuracy of 0.000005 g/m 3 for density. The temperature control can range from 0 ☌ to 95 ☌. Of course, this is true for other substances as well. When water is cooled at room temperature, it becomes denser over time. Temperature can also change water density, but the correlation is still unclear and inconsistent. In addition, they feature a built-in Peltier temperature control, which brings the sample to the selected temperature (e.g., 20☌). The density of water is approximately 1 gram per cubic centimeter (1 g/cm3) or 1 gram per milliliter (1g/mL). The measured density can be automatically converted into other units and concentrations for specific applications, such as specific gravity, API, alcohol%, ☋rix, etc.īenchtop digital density meters use the same technology as portable digital density meters, the oscillation of a U-shaped glass tube (U-tube). Each measurement takes only a few seconds, allowing users to move on to the next sample quickly. If a result is needed at a certain temperature, the digital density meter can apply a correction factor to the measured result to compensate the result to a defined temperature. Handheld digital density meters measure the sample at ambient temperature. Filling the U-tube with sample liquid affects its frequency of oscillation: due to factory adjustment with samples of known densities, this frequency of oscillation can be directly correlated with the density of any liquid sample with an accuracy of 0.001 g/cm 3. The relationship between the liquid sample mass and the frequency of oscillation of the U-tube.The oscillation, or vibration, of a U-shaped glass tube (U-tube).Portable digital density meters are used to quickly and accurately determine the density of liquids. Determination of density using digital meters is based on two factors: If needed, a correction factor can be applied later to obtain the temperature-corrected measurement value. Both measurement and temperature values must be recorded. Simply record the measurement value at the surrounding temperature.Depending on the sample volume, it can take some time for the sample to reach this temperature. Use the hydrometer at its calibration temperature (usually 16 ☌ or 20 ☌).When using a hydrometer, the user has two options:
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It will float higher in a liquid with a greater specific gravity, such as water with sugar dissolved, compared to one with a lower specific gravity, such as pure water or alcohol. Most hydrometers measure the specific gravity of samples: in simple terms, a hydrometer tells the user if a liquid is denser or less dense than water. The density reading is taken by looking at the scale, where the level of the sample liquid aligns with a marking on the hydrometer scale. The hydrometer is immersed into the sample liquid until it floats. Made of blown glass, it consists of a bulbous bottom weighted with lead or steel shot and a long, narrow stem with a scale. A hydrometer is a cost-effective instrument used to determine the density of liquids.